NF-ĸB axis in diabetic neuropathy, cardiomyopathy and nephropathy: A roadmap from molecular intervention to therapeutic strategies.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic illness defined by elevated blood glucose levels, mediating various tissue alterations, including the dysfunction of vital organs. Diabetes mellitus (DM) can lead to many consequences that specifically affect the brain, heart, and kidneys. These issues are known as neuropathy, cardiomyopathy, and nephropathy, respectively. Inflammation is acknowledged as a pivotal biological mechanism that contributes to the development of various diabetes consequences. NF-κB modulates inflammation and the immune system at the cellular level. Its abnormal regulation has been identified in several clinical situations, including cancer, inflammatory bowel illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and Diabetes Mellitus (DM). The purpose of this review is to evaluate the potential impact of NF-κB on complications associated with DM. Enhanced NF-κB activity promotes inflammation, resulting in cellular harm and compromised organ performance. Phytochemicals, which are therapeutic molecules, can potentially decline the NF-κB level, therefore alleviating inflammation and the progression of problems correlated with DM. More importantly, the regulation of NF-κB can be influenced by various factors, such as TLR4 in DM. Highlighting these factors can facilitate the development of novel therapies in the future.

Nanostructures for site-specific delivery of oxaliplatin cancer therapy: Versatile nanoplatforms in synergistic cancer therapy.

As a clinically approved treatment strategy, chemotherapy-mediated tumor suppression has been compromised, and in spite of introducing various kinds of anticancer drugs, cancer eradication with chemotherapy is still impossible. Chemotherapy drugs have been beneficial in improving the prognosis of cancer patients, but after resistance emerged, their potential disappeared. Oxaliplatin (OXA) efficacy in tumor suppression has been compromised by resistance. Due to the dysregulation of pathways and mechanisms in OXA resistance, it is suggested to develop novel strategies for overcoming drug resistance. The targeted delivery of OXA by nanostructures is described here. The targeted delivery of OXA in cancer can be mediated by polymeric, metal, lipid and carbon nanostructures. The advantageous of these nanocarriers is that they enhance the accumulation of OXA in tumor and promote its cytotoxicity. Moreover, (nano)platforms mediate the co-delivery of OXA with drugs and genes in synergistic cancer therapy, overcoming OXA resistance and improving insights in cancer patient treatment in the future. Moreover, smart nanostructures, including pH-, redox-, light-, and thermo-sensitive nanostructures, have been designed for OXA delivery and cancer therapy. The application of nanoparticle-mediated phototherapy can increase OXA's potential in cancer suppression. All of these subjects and their clinical implications are discussed in the current review.